Riđovka, Vipera berus, Adder

Zmije Hrvatske Snakes of Croatia

Riđovka

Vipera berus

Adder

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GDJE: V. b. bosniensis: nizine Save, Drave i Dunava te Troglav; V. b. berus: Gorski kotar;

navodi za Istru, Dalmaciju i otoke su pogrešni i/ili nepouzdani

Opis:
Odrasli su obično do 65 cm, rijetko do 80 cm (čak 90 cm), ženke su veće od mužjaka. Rep je 1/5-1/6 ukupne duljine tijela. Tijelo je deblje, ima spljoštenu "njušku" (ravnu, nije uzdignuta, ali ponekad može biti blago uzdignuta). Većina riđovki ima jasnu cik-cak liniju na leđima. Ta je obično bez blijeđe centralne linije (kao kod nekih drugih sličnih ljutica). U rijetkim slučajevima cik-cak linija je ravnih rubova, isprekidana, blijeda ili čak je nema. Temeljna boja tijela varira: mužjaci su vrlo kontrastno obojani (naročito u proljeće), u pravilu bijelkasti ili blijedo sivi s intenzivnim crnim uzorcima. Ženke su smeđkaste ili crvenkaste s tamnim uzorcima. Postoje i druge kombinacije boja (sivo-smeđa...) i mogući su potpuno crni (melanistički) oblici (u polarnim područjima 50% populacije može biti melanističko). "Malci" su često crvenkasti. Trbuh je siv, sivo-sme? crn, nekad s bijelim pjegama. Vrh repa je žut, narančast ili crven odozdo.

Description:
Adults are usually up to 65 cm, rarely 80 cm (even 90 cm), females are larger than males. Tail is 1/5-1/6 of total body length. Body is rather stout, has a flat (not upturned) snout (but van be sometimes mildly upturned). Most Adders have a clearly marked zig-zag stripe on back. This is usually without a very distinct paler central band (as in some other similar vipers). In rare cases the zig-zag is straight-edged, broken up, faint or even absent. Colouring varies: males are very contrasting (especially in spring), often being whitish or pale grey with intense black markings. Females are frequently brownish or reddish with dark brown markings. Other colour combinations exist and entirely black (melanistic) animals may be common (in polar areas up to 50%). Youn are often reddish,. Belly is grey, grey-brown or black, sometimes with white spots. Tail tip is yellow, orange or even red beneath.

WHERE:
V. b. bosniensis: Sava, Drava, Dunav lowlands, and Troglav; V. b. berus: Gorski kotar;

records for Istria, Dalmatia and the islands are incorrect and/or unreliable

Stanište:
Susreće se na vrlo raznolikim tipovima staništa, naročito na sjeveru rasprostranjenosti. Tu se nalazi na barama, ravnicama, otvorenim šumama, rubovima polja, živicama, močvarnim livadama, čak i slanim močvarama. Na jugu se češće susreće na planinskim područjima, nizinama...

Habitat:
Occurs on a wide variety of habitats, particularly in north of range. Here it is found on moors, heaths and dunes, and in bogs, open woods, field-edges, hedgerows, marshy meadows, and even salt marshes. In the south is more restricted and usually found in mountain areas, lowlands...

Ponašanje:
Većinom aktivna danju, naročito na sjeveru. Spljošti tijelo kad se sunča. Melanistički oblici bolje upijaju toplinu. Mogu putovati 0.5-2 km od mjesta na kojem hiberniraju i pare se do lovišta i mužjaci mogu preći i 200 m po danu u sezoni parenja.

Behaviour:
Mostly active by day, especially in north. Flattens body when basking. Melanistic individuals absorb heat better. Can travel 0.5-2 km from areas where they hibernate and (often) mate to feeding grounds and males may travel up to 200 m per day in breeding season.

Prehrana:
Mali sisavci, ptice, gušteri i žabe također, bebe se hrane bebama glodavaca, malim gušterima i žabama. Kada jedna riđovka ubije plijen, druga može doći i probati ga oteti i onda se bore kao mužjaci u sezoni parenja.

Food:
Feeds on small mammals, birds, lizards and also frogs, young eat nestling rodents, small lizards and frogs. When one Adder kills a prey item, other Adders may come and try to take it and then they fight like males during breeding season.

Razmnožavanje:
Mužjaci se bude ranije iz hibernacije i odlaze na lokacije za razmnožavanje ranije. Za vrijeme udvaranja pokušavaju otjerati suparnike glasnim siktanjem i nasrtajima, nakon čega oba suparnika mogu dignuti prednji dio tijela i uvijaju se jedan oko drugoga, pokušavajući pritisnuti protivnikovu glavu uz tlo. Obično pobijedi veći mužjak.
Mužjak i ženka pritisnu svoja tijela zajedno (predigra) prije parenja s uzdignutim repovima, proces koji može trajati 2 sata. Mužjak često ostane s jednom ženkom kroz nekoliko dana i s njom se pari nekoliko puta, ali ipak se znade pojaviti "mnogoočinstvo".
Rodi 3-18 malih koji sazriju za 3-4 godine.
Može doseći starost od 10 godina.

Reproduction:
Males wake up from hibernation earlier and go to breeding areas first. During courtship they will attempt to drive off rivals by hissing and lunging, after which combatants may both rear up and press their forebodies against each other in an atempt to press the oponent's head to the ground. The larger male usually wins.
The sexes press their bodies together in foreplay, before mating with their tales raised, a proces that can last 2 hours. A male often remains with a particular female for some time, copulating repeatedly, but multiple paternity of clutches still sometimes occurs.
Gives birth to 3-18 young which mature in 3-4 years.

Can live 10 years in the wild.

Venom:
Quite potent, though bites are not that dangerous as those of teh Asp Viper (Vipera aspis) and Nose-horned Viper (Vipera ammodytes). Fangs of adult Adders are 4 mm long.
In humans bites cause sweling, pain, the surrounding tissue is destroyed, in later stages can cause nausea and vomiting. For healthy adults a bite is not life threatening, but it is still recommended to seek medical help. Human fatalities are very rare.
The bosnian subspecies (Vipera b. bosniensis) has a stronger venom that the normal subspecies (V. b. berus).

Otrov:
Snažno djeluje, ali ugrizi nisu toliko opasni kao kod talijanske ljutice (Vipera aspis) i poskoka. Očnjaci odrasle riđovke su dugi oko 4 mm.
Kod ljudi ugriz izaziva bol, oticanje, razaranje okolnog tkiva, u kasnijim fazama može se javiti mučnina i povraćanje. Zdravim odraslim osobama ugriz nije opasan po život, ali se ipak preporuča liječnička pomo? Ljudske smrti su jako rijetke.
Bosanska riđovka (V. b. bosniensis) ima jaći otrov od obične riđovke (V. b. berus).

Linkovi:
www.herp.it/ (slike)
www.arkive.org/ (podaci, slike, video)

Links:
www.herp.it/ (pictures)
www.arkive.org/ (info, pictures, video)