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Kravosas
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Elaphe quatuorlineata quatuorlineata

Four-lined Snake

 
 

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GDJE:

Obalno područje Hrvatske, neki otoci (Krk, Cres, Silba, Hvar, Vis, Plavnik...

Opis:
Odrasli su do oko 260 cm (rijetko dulji), ali većina je ispod/oko 150 cm. Najveća europska zmija. Velika, pomalo deblja zmija, robusnija od ostalih velikih zmija na području rasprostranjenosti. Glava je dobro izražena, pomalo duga i zašiljena, okrugla zjenica. Leđne ljuske su lagano, ali izraženo, grebenaste kod odraslih. Mladi imaju red tamnih, širokih mrlja (često s crnim obrubom) ili prečaka na leđima i 1 ili 2 niza manjih na svakom boku. Glava mladih ima jasan uzorak, a trbuh ima tamne šare koje mogu tvoriti 2 linije. Odrasli mogu imati više-manje takve uzorke ili sa 4 tamne (često tamno smeđe) linije na leđima. Ima 2 predočne ljuske.

Description:
Adults are up to 260 cm (rarely longer), but most are under/around 150 cm. Europe's largest snake. A large, moderately built snake that is more robust than other large snakes within its range. Head is well defined, rather long and somewhat pointed, pupil is round. Back scales are lightly but distinctly keeled in adults. Young have a row of dark, broad spots (often with a black edge) or bars on back and 1 or 2 series of small spots on each flank. Head of young is boldly marked and the belly has dark markings that my form 2 streaks. Adults may be marked more or less like this or with 4 dark (often dark brown) lines on back. Has 2 preocular scales.

WHERE:

Croatian coast, some islands (Krk, Cres, Silba, Hvar, Vis, Plavnik...)
Br. ljusaka:
25 (rijetko 23, 26 ili 27) leđnih, 187-234 trbušnih i 56-90 para podrepnih. 		Scale count:
25 (rarely 23, 26 or 27) back scales, 187-234 belly scales and 56-90 pairs of subcaudals.
Stanište:
Često ih se može naći na rubovima šuma i živica, u otvorenim šumama, na obraslim kamenitim padinama. Preferiraju nešto hladovine i vole topla, relativno vlažna staništa i može ih se susresti u močvarama i kraj potoka i bazena. 		Habitat:
Often found near wood edges and hedges, in open woods, on rocky overgrown hillsides. Prefers some shade and likes warm, rather humid environments and may be encountered in marshy areas and near pools and streams.
Ponašanje:
Dobro se penje i pliva. Kravosas je realtivno flegmatičan i sporije se kreće. Naša najpitomija zmija, gotovo nikad ne grize. U početku može dojmljivo puhati, ali od toga ubrzo odustane. 		Behaviour:
Climbs well and swims. The Four-lined Snake is rather phlegmatic and slow-moving. Our most docile snake, almost never bites. Can hiss at first, but quickly stops.
Prehrana:
Često lovi plijen za topla, oblačna vremena i u sumrak. Veći plijen davi. Hrana odraslih se pretežito sastoji od manjih sisavaca (do veličine štakora i mladih zečeva),  ptica (pogotovo ptića koje lovi pretežito u proljeće), jaja i povremeno pokojeg guštera. Nekad zalazi u kokošinjce. Mlađi se pretežito prehranjuju gušterima. 		Food:
Often hunts prey during warm and cloudy conditions and at dusk. Large prey is constricted. Food of adults consists mainly of small mammals (up to size of rats and young rabbits), but birds (especially nestlings) are taken particularly in the spring. Eggs and occasional lizards may also be eaten. Sometimes raids poultry yards. The young take a relatively high proportion of lizards.
Razmnožavanje:
Ženke se pare skoro svake godine, barem na nekim područjima. Lijegu 4-16 jaja (30-70 mm u dužini). Mladi se izlegnu za 7-9 tjedana i dugi su 20-40 cm. Spolno su zreli s 3-4 godine. 		Reproduction:
Females mate almost every year, at least in some areas, and lay 4-16 eggs (30-70 mm long). Young hatch in about 7-9 weeks and are 20-40 cm long. They mature in 3-4 years.
Linkovi:
www.herp.it/ (slike)
www.reptilia.dk (podaci) 		Links:
 www.herp.it/ (pictures)
www.reptilia.dk (info)